The blooded animals, corresponding to the vertebrates, included five genera: viviparous quadrupeds (mammals), birds, whales (which he did not realize were mammals), oviparous quadrupeds ( reptiles and amphibians), and fishes. Aristotle described the embryological development of a chick the chambered stomachs of ruminants and the social organization of bees and noticed that some sharks give birth to live young, and his observations on the anatomy of octopus, cuttlefish, crustaceans, and many other marine invertebrates were so accurate they could only have been made from first-hand experience with dissection.Īristotle divided animals into two types: those with blood, and those without blood (or at least without red blood), corresponding to our distinction between vertebrates and invertebrates. He classified animals by their way of life, their actions, or by their parts. Though Aristotle's work in zoology was not without errors, it was the greatest biological synthesis of the time, and his work remained the ultimate authority in understanding the secular world until the rise of modern knowledge in the 16th century, and his classification of living organisms contains some elements which still existed in the 19th century. During the medieval period this become incorporated into the idea of the Great Chain of Being.
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Although he observed and wrote about the natural world, he was not a scientist in the Baconian-Galilean mode of empiricism and experimental method rather he had a qualitative and teleological view of nature.Īristotle was the first to give the first detailed classification of living things, and hence the first systematists. He was the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics.
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Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Photo by Jastrow, via Wikipedia, Public domainĪristotle (384-322 b.c.e.) was a Greek philosopher and polymath, whose writings range across such diverse subjects as physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology.Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.
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